Shoe-Horn Sonata and Changi – Distinctly Visual Extended Response

The distinctly visual is able to shape perception and meaning of concerns and experiences within the texts Shoe-Horn Sonata and Changi: ‘Seeing is believing’. The use of techniques in both texts allows the audience to understand the effects of war on the individual and the impact of the experiences encountered. The Shoe-Horn Sonata is a play by John Misto that gives an insight into two lives of two female prisoners of war in World War 2. The play explores terrible events associated with prisoners of war and follows the friendship of the two women Bridie and Sheila. Truth, honestly and candour is the central idea of the play. The idea of truth, telling the truth and recognising the truth is located in the interrelationship between the two women during the war. An example of this is when Sheila reveals her secret of ‘giving herself up to a Jap’ to save Bridie which has been kept hidden since the war. In the scene, Misto uses a combination of techniques such as lighting, music and sound to convey emotions from the audience as Sheila tells her story. The scene concludes with both characters isolating in separate spotlights and the music plays to the audience as the scene ends with tension and suspense. This then shapes the perception and meaning of concerns and experiences to make the audience think of the interrelationship between the two women and the heroic deeds of women during the war. Another technique which allows the audience to understand the effects of war and how it shapes perception and meaning of concerns and experiences is the use of visuals such as projected images. These projected images are use throughout the play to reinforce the ideas being presented and to convey to the audience a sense of reality. An example would be when projected images of ships burning in Singapore Harbour, the Japanese invasion and the horrors of war for women and civilians. This then highlights the memories of war and the atrocious ways during the war which shapes the perception and meaning of concerns and experiences of war. Projected images can also be accompanied by music and sound effects. Together it enhances the play’s impact helping to convey the emotions of the characters and the dialogue they are acting out. Songs are also used ironically within the play, which helps to create tension and to reveal the full extent of the horrors of the unfolding drama. This is demonstrated in Act1, where the patriotic English song ‘Jerluselum’ is reaching its crescendo, scenes of Japanese invasions is juxtaposed on the screen behind Sheila and Bridie. The ironic effect of the patriotic, riumphal song juxtaposed with scenes of utter defeat creates an extra sense of sorrow in the minds of the audience, and helps to recreate the scene in their mind. Together these two techniques shapes the perception and meaning of concerns and experiences of war. Nevertheless, the Australian Television Episode ‘Seeing is Believing’ of Changi is able to shape perception and meaning of concern and experiences through the use various techniques. Changi is about the stru ggle of the Australian prisoners of war. It mainly focuses on six young Australian men giving an insight of each character’s deepest struggle within the camp, with the main focus on David Collins. Like Show-horn Sonata the theme power and atrocities is evident in Changi The theme atrocities of war can be defined as the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane as an effect of war. Together both the theme of atrocities and power has been expertly utilised within John Doyle’s Changi episode ‘Seeing is believing’. Within the episode, power is demonstrated through the Japanese people. In a particular scene a Japanese Lieutenant is shown standing on a pedestal stating the rules of the camp to the POW’s. The Japanese Lieutenant states, â€Å"Any man who tries to leave will die, any man who steals food from the Chinese will die, any man who makes trade will die! † Power is portrayed through this quotation by the use of descriptive language, also the positioning of the Lieutenant in comparison to the POW’s signifies that he is in a higher position. Whilst the Japanese Lieutenant states the rules, the camera focuses on a close up shot on his face which remains dominant and strong, the camera then cross cuts to a close up of the POW’s who look afraid and weak. The use of this technique emphasises the superiority the Japanese people contain over the POW’s which then shapes the perception and meaning of concerns and experiences of war. Although it may seem like Changi is all about the characters but in one sense it is about the historiography. This is evident throughout the play including the flashbacks to the past and present which juxtaposes the old and young David. The scene shows David’s past and present thoughts and the experiences that he faced during the war which then conveys this emotion of sympathy to the audience. Conclusively, distinctly visual is able to shape perception and meaning of concerns and experiences within the texts Shoe-Horn Sonata and Changi: ‘Seeing is believing through the use of techniques such as lighting, music, sound, visuals, camera shots and flashback/forward. The use of these techniques then allows the audience to understand the effects of war on the individual and the impact of the experiences encountered.

Natureview

These new manufacturers must pay a $10,slotting fee channel also requires each manufacture to contribute funds a minimum of every 3 months for cooperative weekly trade promotions that average $8,000 nationally per ad, per retailer chain. This fee is in addition to any advertising expenditures that the manufacture may have. If the manufacture product continuously does not make a profit for the retailers, it can be pulled from the channel. The Manufacture would then have to repay the slotting fee when applying for re-entry. Because of the multiple fees and uncertainty, this channel provides the most risk for smaller manufacture but also provides a high level of potential.Nature Stores Channel Unlike the supermarket chain, the nature store channel is friendly to small manufactures whose funds are lacking. The only one-time SKU fee for new manufactures in this channel is a allocation of one complementary case of product for every new SKU in the first year. This would usually equate to be ing less than the supermarket channel slotting fee. Along with this fee, manufactures will often use sales brokers to attract retailers. These brokers charge about 4% of manufacture sales in the yogurt category. In this channels distribution, there are 5 steps a product goes through. First the product is manufactured by the manufacture and then is sold to natural foods wholesalers.Then it is sold to distributors who do bulk breaking and then sell and deliver to the retailers who sell to the final consumer. Generally in this channel, prices are usually higher since the niche target consumers are less price sensitive. An z and a jazz cup of yogurt go for $0. 8 and $3. 19, while a z cumulating can sell for $3. 35. Even though this channel is small and generally more expensive it is growing 7 times faster than the supermarket and offers continued potential for small manufactures such as Nature view. Strength On huge strength for Interview Farms is their products shelf life. Because Inat tentiveness organic, natural ingredients with now growth hormones, their yogurt stays fresh up to 50 days.This is huge considering that the completion's product only stays fresh for 30 days. This means there will be less product loss and thus the cost f goods sold will be lower. Interview also has a strong reputation based on quality, taste and natural ingredients. This will help Interview when introducing any new product consumers will be more willing to try it. This reputation is one of the reasons why Interview has strong relationships with nature store retailers. This relationship entitles Interview to be able to work with the retailers to try and sell the product more efficiently and thus increase profit and most likely sales. Weakness Interview is a small manufacture.It has limited funds to which it can use to emigrating decisions. Thus, marketers for Interview must take this in mind when creating strategic marketing plan. Also because Interview is small, their revenues are ge nerally low. This affects Interviews abilities to attain valuation amongst venture capital firms. Noteworthiness of Interview is that their current strategy is not very flexible. It is based for denature store channel. Thus if Interview decides to expand to the supermarket channel, they williwaw to revise their entire marketing strategy. Opportunity The organic food market is expected to grow tremendously over the next few years due congressing consumer interest.This will create new opportunities for product line extensions rooter new product launches. The rise to organic foods is also why Interview an opportunity to disadvantage of this and expand their product offering and thus revenues. Threats Competition is by far Interviews biggest threat. Companies such as Horizon Organic and Brown Cow in the nature store channel are competing directly with Interview to gain a strangle hold in the organic yogurt industry. There is also competition from national brands such as Daemon and Haplo id who are rumored to be launching their own organic yogurt. Another huge threat is the possibility of nature store channel retailers increasing the demand on logistics and technology criteria.If these retailers begin demanding the use of scanning devices and automated inventory tracking systems, Interview will be hard-pressed to find the funds necessary to facilitate those demands. Financial Analyses Interviews revenues are not that bad since they do hove 24%market share to lead their competitors. However the advertising and sales expenses seem to be a little when compared to the gross profit. This is the main reason why the final net income is Just 2%of revenue. If Interview wants to gain more profits they will have to find ways to reduce expenses or increase revenue, which is the logical option since Interview wants to increase revenues to $20 million by the end of 2001. Organizational Objectives 2001 fiscal year This objective is largely due to necessity.Interview farms must be able to meet this objective if they can attain validation for venture capital firms to invest and infuse them with funds that can be used toward strategic investments. If this objective was not met Interview would have no choice but to consider being part of an acquisition. Alternatives/Options regions Option 1 is that Interview expands into the supermarket channel with 6 SKU of theist product size. This expansion will cover the west and the northeast regions. Expansion in to the west region will include the top 9 retail chains, while the northeast region will include the topple retail chains. This will equate to 20 total retail chains.The main reason why the z product was chosen for this option is because it represents a large part of the target group. The z size is the most popular and thus offers the best potential. In fact this whole option offers great potential. Expected sales are at $25. 9 million from this option alone. By choosing this option Interview will be able to gain a first move advantage on their organic yogurt competitors. Getting your foot first in the door means you will have a heads up on the market by the time the competition arrives. This is crucial for success. This option is expected to get the most unit sales out of all the options. It is expected to get 35 million units sold to receive revenue of $25. 9 million.When that is added with Interviews current revenue of $million, it will equate to $38. 9 million, well over the $million objective. Advantages Sigh potential for increased revenue Consumers in EN and W region rearmost likely to purchase organic Expected 1. 5% market share after 1st year (35 million unit sales) Disadvantages Sigh risk will increase by for sales staff,$120,OHO formatting staff Direct competition with national brands (Daemon, Haploid) This option seems to give the most potential. However it also has a lot of risks and cost associated with it. The only way this would be a liable investment would be if some of the risks were abolished. Otherwise this option seems to be too expensive and risky to pursue.Option 2: Expand into the supermarket channel with 4 SKU of jazz yogurt in all regions Like option 1, option 2 also has Interview expand their product into the supermarket channel. However unlike option 1, option 2 has Interview expand with 4 SKU of not z but the jazz of yogurt. The reasoning behind this is that there will be less competition in the category's and that the profit margin for jazz option is 63% versus 51% for the z. It is expected that a sales volume of 5. 5 million units will be sold in the first year. This will bring revenues from this opt ion alone to $14. 85 lion. When added with Interviews current revenue of $million, it will equate to $27. 85 million, well over the $20 million objective.This option will expand into all for regions, with a total of 64 retail chains. The SKU slotting fee is extremely high at $2. 56 million, but on average the trade promotion will be lower sin ce the jazz size will only be promoted twice a year, rather than the normal four times a year. Advantages Fewer competition Lower on average trade promotion expense Cougher profit margin for jazz versus Expected 1st year sales of 5. 5 million units Disadvantages None users may not want to purchase large jazz quantity of product Every difficult to achieve full national distribution within one year This option seems to be taking a differentiation approach.If this option is chosen by Interview, they would be one of only a few companies to offer the jazz size of organic yogurt in the supermarket chain. That fact that there is not many competitors is a huge advantage. However this option is also very risky and has many unknown such as whether it is plausible to distribute nationally within one year. For this option to be acceptable the risk and unknowns must be dealt with. Option 3: Introduce 2 SKU of children multi pack into natural foods channel In this option, Interview will not expan d into the supermarket channel. Instead Interview will introduce a new line of products for children in the nature foods channel.They will introduce 2 SKU off's multicasts. The multipart market was identified earlier in this analyses because of its annual growth rate of 12. 5%. Even thought multicasts are only 9% of total organic yogurt sales, the tremendous growth rate give this market a huge amount of potential without much risk. This is a huge reason why this option is valuable. Another reasons s that cost will be done since SKU slotting fees will no longer be changed. There will be a required allocation of one complementary case of product for every new SKU in the first year. This would usually equate to being less than the supermarket channel slotting fee. This option will also require a broker fee of 4%.Total revenues with this option will be about 6 million with 1. 8 million units sold at a price $3. 35 per unit. take advantage of current relationships within nature foods cha nnel Low risk factors Interview positioned nicely for option Low cost take advantage of growing natural foods channel Low expected revenue Requires R;D to develop product This option is by far the most conservative of the three. It presents the least amount of risk because the basis of this option is to stick with what is known. Interview knows the natural foods channel. They know the distributors, retailers, consumers and anyone in between. There are very few unknown variables.However because there is so few risk involved, reward is also few. The revenues from this options is the lowest of the three options. Combined with the current$13 million revenue, it equates to Just over $19 million. This is under the objective of $million. This must e taken in consideration when choosing the recommendation. Recommendation After careful review and thorough analyses of the problem, situation and available options, It is recommended that Interview Farms chooses the third option. The reason why this option was chosen was because it offered very few risk and had a vide variety of known variables. It also took advantage of the growing nature food channel and the multipart market segment.This option also did not require an entire marketing strategy change. It used the same distributors, retailers and consumers. However, because this option ends up being $1 million short of the objective, it is highly encouraged that Interview Farms invest more funds in marketing the launch of children's multipart. Interview must ensure that they can increase the expected revenues by $1 million or more in order to meet or beat the objective of $20 million. Perhaps a more intensive concentrated promotion plan would yield $1 million or more in extra revenue. If this option is followed with the suggested revisions, it has the potential to increase Interviews success tremendously.

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Vaughan article â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Native,† Vaughan describes how English perceptions of the Native Americans developed over the course of the 16th century. The English, while interested in the New World, did not play an active role in its initial exploration: â€Å"English people in the Tudor era lagged noticeably behind other Europeans in learning about the Americas. For nearly a century, English interest in the New World was surprisingly tangential, more a matter of curiosity than of conquest and based primarily on foreign rather than on English observation† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). For a majority of the 16th century the English received second hand accounts (writings and illustrations) of the New World. However, the English did make limited forays into developing first hand knowledge of the New World. Vaughan states, â€Å"The first document contact between the English and the Indians occurred in about 1502, when Sebastian Cabot†¦brought back [three men taken from Newfoundland]† (â€Å"People,† 14), but he continues, â€Å"Not until 1530, apparently, were other Indians brought to England, and not until 1553 did an English publisher issue a book with appreciable attention to America’s inhabitants† (â€Å"People,† 14). While slow to capitalize on exploring and colonizing the New World, the English â€Å"[became] actively involved in the exploration and conquest of the [Americas] and its peoples. Thereafter, England’s image of American natives reflected uniquely English experiences and expectations† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). One of the significant imperialist ventures around the time Shakespeare wrote The Tempest was the Jamestown colony. The English founded Jamestown in 1607, four years prior to the first performance of The Tempest. While a contemporary critic can only speculate the extent which the New World tantalized and influenced the English during this time, it must have had some sway on the popular imagination of English society, including Shakespeare’s. In The Tempest, the character Gonzalo demonstrates an interest with the pristine island setting that represents English imperial yearnings. After being shipwrecked on the island, Gonzalo first notices the natural beauty of the island. He exclaims, â€Å"How lush and lusty the grass looks! How green! † (2. 1. 53). From his initial observation of the health of the island, Gonzalo’s interest in the island soon becomes opportunistic: â€Å"Had I plantation of this isle, my lord –† (2. 1. 140). When Gonzalo says â€Å"plantation,† he means colonization. Gonzalo initial admiration for the island transforms into a scheme to start a colony; he envisions his colony as the antithesis of industry, a utopic society of idleness. Gonzalo describes his â€Å"plantation† in the following manner: â€Å"I’ the common wealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic, Would I admit; no name of magistrate, Letter should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil; No occupations; all men idle, all, And women too, but innocent and pure; No sovereignty—† (2. 1. 144-52) In Gonzalo’s colony people just lie around with no one telling them what to do; in addition, the women all stay virgins. Gonzalo’s companions quickly point out the impossibility of his Eden-like scenario. Sebastian indicates, â€Å"Yet [Gonzalo] would be king on [the island]† (2. 1. 153) to which Antonio adds, â€Å"The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning† (2. 1. 154). From the comments by Sebastian and Antonio, it is clear Gonzalo’s scheme is not practical, but certainly Gonzalo’s sentiment must have appealed idealistically to English and Europeans tired of the social turmoil in the Old World. Benjamin Bertram notes in The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England contemporaneous to Shakespeare’s life, London’s mercantile interests, unemployment, overpopulation, and â€Å"[i]mmigrants from the province† all made colonial ventures appealing (58). Gonzalo’s fantasizing might tap into the socioeconomic conditions contemporary to the time of cultural production of The Tempest. For some Europeans the social turmoil of the Old World was a sore spot, yearning like Gonzalo for a fresh start and for a better society in the New World. French courtier Michel De Montaigne in his essay â€Å"Of the Cannibals† (1580) argues the New World inhabitants are no more barbarous or savage than the Old World denizens, suggesting things might be better in the case of the former. De Montaigne establishes, â€Å"I find (as far as I have been informed) there is nothing in that nation [the American Indians], that is either barbarous or savage, unless men call that barbarism which is not common to them† (119). De Montaigne alludes to the social problems of 16th century Europe in pointing out the hypocrisy of the Old World labeling the New World as â€Å"barbarous† or â€Å"savage. † Moreover, De Montaigne sees the New World inhabitants as closer to a natural state and less tainted by â€Å"human wit† when he observes, â€Å"It is a nation†¦that hath no kind of traffic, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrates, nor of politic superiority; no use of service, of riches, or of poverty; no contracts, no successions, but common, no apparel but natural, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corn, or metal† (120). Curiously, both Gonzalo and De Montaigne evoke the idea of unfettered idleness and non-use of wine, corn, and metal as a more natural society. Also, in painting an idyllic picture of the social items supposedly absent from the New World, De Montaigne overlooks that corn is a New World vegetable and that American Indians were familiar with the practice of fertilization, although maybe not â€Å"mannuring. † While a lot of De Montaigne’s generalizations of the New World inhabitants are arguable, he calls the readers attention to a litany of social items as evidence of the Old World tainted by â€Å"human wit. † However, De Montaigne sarcastically concludes that what the American Indians, supposedly, do with their dead is no more barbaric than what the Europeans do with the living by torturing people, stating â€Å"there is more barbarism in eating men alive than to feed upon them being dead; to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense, to roast him in pieces, to make dogs and swine to gnaw and tear him in mammocks†¦than to roast and eat him after he is dead† (120). De Montaigne’s relativistic view of transatlantic cultural practices demonstrates culture in the Old World was not necessarily better than culture in the New World. Some Europeans might have yearned for a reprieve from the rigid trapping of the Old World; the New World to them might have represented an opportunity for a fresh start, a chance to create a utopic society. The only problem was what to do about the indigenous people already there. The English public had a growing interest in the New World during Shakespeare’s lifetime, and The Tempest almost predicts the course of English imperialism would take. The exchange between Caliban and Prospero in Act 1 Scene 2 metaphorically represents the underlying conflicts plaguing indigenous people and English colonizers. Caliban represents prototypical native Other[3] as he argues against Prospero, the colonial master. Caliban’s articulation that he is the rightful owner of the island sounds like the universal grievance of many colonized people: â€Å"This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother, / Which thou tak’st from me† (1. 2. 335-6). Caliban’s ownership stems from his mother, a witch, who bore him on the island, and this claim is reminiscent of many indigenous people who trace their social beginnings through a creation myth fixing them to the land. As Caliban goes on, his description of the initial friendly relationship he had with Prospero, parallels the prototypical dealings between indigenous people and colonizers. Often this friendly period includes an exchange of items and information between the two parties. Caliban describes the following: When thou cam’st first, Thou strok’st me and made much of me, wouldst give me Water and berries in’t, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee And showed thee all the qualities o’ th’ isle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (1. 2. 337-43) Caliban attests he â€Å"showed† Prospero â€Å"the qualities† of the island, and in essence, Caliban taught Prospero how to survive on the island. This detail interestingly parallels the situation in Jamestown. B. J. Sokol in A Brave New World of Knowledge points out that â€Å"sojourning Europeans almost entirely depended upon the services of native inhabitants for material survival, and especially for food† (83). This grace period between indigenous people and colonizers, however, does not last forever. Sokol continues, â€Å"In both [The Tempest] and Virginia these services had at first been voluntarily offered [by Native Americans], then they were purchased or extorted, and finally there was refusal, resistance, and rebellion† (83). Soon the colonizer presses for more resources, more control over the land, and more control over the indigenous people: soon the indigenous people become the colonized. Caliban describes himself from the position of the colonized, â€Å"For I am all the subjects that you have, / Which first was mine own kin; and here you sty me / In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me /The rest o’ th’ island† (1. 2. 345-7). Caliban’s central grievance is how Prospero has stripped Caliban of his autonomy and his control over the island. The central grievance for many colonized people is how the colonizer strips self-direction and control over ancestral lands from the colonized. Richard Hakluyt in his essay â€Å"Reasons for Colonization,† written in 1584 about the Virginia colonial project (125), succinctly describes the intentions of the English imperialism: â€Å"The end of this voyage [to North America] are these: 1. ) To plant Christian religion. 2) To traffic. 3. ) To Conquer. Or, to do all three† (129). As demonstrated earlier, Caliban is unhappy with his conquered status, a status Prospero confirms when he rebuts Caliban’s grievances, â€Å"Thou most lying slave† (my emphasis, 1. 2. 347). Prospero interestingly goes on to indicate his own inherent superiority and Caliban’s inherent inferiority, a privileging central to any colonial situation. Prospero states, â€Å"I have used thee, / Filth as thou are, with humane care† (1. 2. 348-9). Prospero ascribes the quality of â€Å"filth† to Caliban and â€Å"humane†-ness to his own actions. As the Hakluyt states, the first objective of the colonizer is â€Å"to plant Christian religion† or bring morality to the heathen indigenous people. Prospero’s ultimate argument for supplanting Caliban evokes the moral order the colonizer supposedly brings, for Prospero states the reason he has enslaved Caliban is because Caliban sought â€Å"to violate/ The honor of [Prospero’s] child† (1. 2. 350-1). From the perspective of the colonizer Caliban attempted to rape Miranda; however, from the perspective of the lone indigenous person Caliban attempted to propagate his culture: â€Å"O ho! O ho! Would’t had been done! / Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled else / This isle with Calibans† (1. 2. 352-4). While this relativism does not absolve Caliban of attempting to forcefully procreate with Miranda, it does not absolve Prospero of enslaving Caliban either. Unfortunately, Prospero uses one crime to justify another crime: Caliban’s attempted rape leads to his enslavement at the hands of Prospero. Furthermore, when Miranda tries to instill Caliban with a sense of guilt over his attempted rape, she states she â€Å"endowed [Caliban’s] purposes / With words that made them known† (1. 2. 360-1). However, by endowing Caliban with the language of the colonizer, Miranda has merely indoctrinated Caliban in the ideology of the colonizer in which Caliban, the colonized, occupies the margin. The colonizer’s language is a burden upon the colonized, for in order for the two groups to communicate the onus is on the colonized to learn the colonizer’s language. Caliban concurs with this onus when he says, â€Å"You taught me language, and my profit on’t / Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you / For learning me your language! † (1. 2. 366-8). Another privileging in the imperial situation is the language and culture of the colonizer over the language and culture of colonized. For instance, Thomas Harriot spent time in the Virginia colony and wrote about the Algonquian people in Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia; his English contemporaries criticized him for learning the language of the Algonquians (Bertram 59). Bertram notes, â€Å"the English feared much more than foreign languages, as contact with foreign cultures inspired probing questions about cultural identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (59). Miranda’s effacement of Caliban’s language demonstrates her fear of foreign language and culture. Just as Caliban threatens Miranda’s physical sanctity, he also threatens her cultural sanctity by not communicating in the controlled discourse. Clearly, the conflict between Caliban and Prospero in The Tempest metaphorically represents the imperialistic conflicts between the colonized and the colonizer. Lastly, although Caliban can metaphorically represent the colonized Other, did Shakespeare intend Caliban to represent Native Americans specifically? Alden T. Vaughan in his article â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban† examines the history of The Tempest analysis which attempted to see Caliban as representative of Native Americans. Vaughan concludes, â€Å"If an intentionalist reading is insisted upon, and if early interpretations of Caliban are taken into account, his principal prototype was probably the European wild man of Renaissance literature and iconography† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). In addition, Ronald Takaki offers in â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness† the context surrounding the first performance of the play; also, he explains how Shakespeare’s audience might have perceived the character of Caliban. Takaki explains the following: [T]he timing of The Tempest was crucial: it was first performed after the English invasion of Ireland but before the colonization of New England, after John Smith’s arrival in Virginia but before the beginning of the tobacco economy, and after the first contacts with Indians but before full-scale warfare against them. This was an era when the English were encountering â€Å"other† peoples and delineating the boundary between â€Å"civilization† and â€Å"savagery. † The social constructions of both these terms were dynamically developing in three sites—Ireland, Virginia, and New England. (143) If Shakespeare’s audience saw Caliban as more man than monster, they likely conflated all known savage Others in their perception of Caliban. When Prospero says, â€Å"This thing of darkness [Caliban] I / Acknowledge mine† (5. 1. 275-6), Caliban could seem more monster than man, â€Å"darkness† meaning evil, or Caliban could seem more man than monster, â€Å"darkness† referring to skin color. It is unclear what Shakespeare intended; however, how people interpret Shakespeare is entirely another matter. Although Vaughan dismisses the notion Shakespeare intended Caliban to be Native American, he supports the notion that Caliban can metaphorically be seen as Native American, stating, â€Å"metaphoric readings of The Tempest have had equal legitimacy with the older literal approach† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). There are scholars who have a stake in seeing Caliban as solely meant to be Native Americans. An immediate thread of their inquiry is Caliban’s name, which might be an anagram from a variant spelling of the word canibal. John F. Moffitt and Santiago Sebastian in their text O Brave New People: The European Invention of The American Indian describe how the lurid European popular perception quickly associated cannibalism with the inhabitants of the New World. Moffit and Sebastian describe the following: Cannibalism was also the specific subcultural attribute of the aborigines of the Other World that, as might be expected, some European illustrators found most noteworthy. In a crude woodcut†¦, a German print of 1505†¦representing the earliest European depiction of American Indians†¦cannibalism becomes the foremost collective characteristic of the newly described peoples†¦. (264-5) While Europeans, according to Vaughan, were familiar with the concept of anthropophagi, or eaters of human flesh, such people were considered mythical (â€Å"People,† 15). Vaughan goes on to note, â€Å"So prominent did some accounts make the eating of human flesh that the word cannibal, from the Carib Indians who presumably practiced the vile custom, gradually replaced the older, more awkward, term for eaters of human flesh† (â€Å"People,† 15). Curiously, if Shakespeare meant to evoke the sensational trait of cannibalism ascribed to Native Americans by Europeans in his character Caliban, he does not develop the trait in the play. Conversely, if Caliban does not represent Native Americans, certainly the European characters within the play perceive his usefulness like Native Americans during the early 17th century. The play mentions dead or alive a Native American is profitable for displaying in England. Additionally, Trinculo notes, â€Å"[the English] will / lay out ten to see a dead Indian. (2. 2. 31-32). Later, Stephano schemes to capture Caliban, or as Vaughan euphemistically refers to Native Americans kidnapped by Europeans, â€Å"coerced American envoys† (â€Å"People,† 12). Stephano states, â€Å"If I can recover him [Caliban] and keep him tame and get / to Naples with him, he’s a present for any emperor that / ever trod on neat’s leather† (2. 2. 65-7). Although Caliban might have the same display value as a Native American in England, this fact does not necessarily make Caliban Native American. Within The Tempest, there is not enough strong evidence to support the reading that Shakespeare meant Caliban to be Native American. If Shakespeare intended Caliban to represent Native American then Leslie Fieldler notes, â€Å"Caliban’s attempt on Miranda’s virtue makes him ‘the first nonwhite rapist in white man’s literature’; his freedom song is ‘the first American poem’; and when he guzzles too much of Stephano’s wine, Caliban is ‘the first drunken Indian in Western literature’ (Vaughan, â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 148). Native Americans struggle enough with poor representation in American society; there is not a pressing need to demonstrate Shakespeare intended Caliban to be solely Native American if it results in additional derision. In contrast, Jeffrey L. Hantman in â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia† summarizes the 20th century importance of Caliban as a universal indigenous voice, â€Å"He is African, and he is Caribbean. He has been a native of Madagascar, Quebec, Cuba, Nigeria, Kenya, and Zambia. Today, he is sometime enslaved, and psychologically dependent, but he is also a guerilla, a revolutionary, and a hero† (71). Who Shakespeare intended Caliban to be is a non-issue for those who identify with Caliban. If people find an entryway into identifying with Caliban, then certainly Caliban becomes them as much as they become Caliban. Although it would be erroneous to claim Shakespeare meant The Tempest as an allegory for English Imperialism in the New World and Caliban solely represents Native Americans, the play does metaphorically represent English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of the play’s cultural production. A brief overview of England’s New World exploration and colonization demonstrates how the English perception of the New World and Native Americans transformed during the development of English imperialism. Within the play, Gonzalo’s interests in the island and his â€Å"plantation† scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World and an opportunity to develop a society closer to a natural state. Furthermore, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts that mar imperial relationship between indigenous people and the colonizer. Moreover, although Caliban does not represent specifically Native Americans, he can broadly represent all subjugated indigenous people. There are many congruencies between events in The Tempest and events during the late 16th and 17th century English imperialism. The Tempest is an example where Shakespeare was not necessarily predicting a future outcome but more likely articulating the trajectory of a present English course. Works Cited Bertram, Benjamin. The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 2004. De Montaigne, Michel. â€Å"From Of the Cannibals. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 119-20. Hakluyt, Richard. â€Å"Reasons for Colonization. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 125-34. Hantman, Jeffrey L. â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia. † New Literary History 23. 1 (1992): 69-81. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib., Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . Moffitt, John F. , and Santiago Sebastian. O Brave New People: The European Invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 10-88. Sokol, B. J. A Brave New World of Knowledge: Shakespeare’s the Tempest and Early Modern Epistemology. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 2003. Takaki, Ronald. â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 140-172. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Natives. † New World of Wonders: European Images of the Americas, 1492-1700. Ed. Rachel Doggett, et al. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. -. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban. † Shakespeare Quarterly 39. 2 (1988): 137-153. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib. , Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . [1] Throughout the paper instead of simply using the term â€Å"natives,† I use indigenous people because the term â€Å"natives† carries negative imperialistic connotations. [2] I use the term New World provisionally in order to describe the dichotomy between Europe, the supposed Old World, and their realization of the Americas, which they dubbed the New World. [3] While some scholars have argued that Shakespeare intended Caliban to be representative of Native American, this intentionality is problematic. I will examine this later in the paper.

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms Co-evolution is a situation where two or more species influence each others evolution reciprocally by applying selective pressures on each other. Genetically speaking, co-evolution is the change in genetic composition of one species in response to the genetic change in another. This can lead to evolutionary arms races, a classic example being the interaction between plants and insects. The development of a gene for chemical defences that is harmful to the insect by the plant will put a pressure on the population growth of the insect, and the insect will try to overcome this by evolving something to detoxify them, the plant will in turn evolve a stronger defence and so on, without either side winning (Ridley 2004). There are different types of interactions between organisms (Maynard Smith 1998). Among some are: Competition, where 2 species compete for a limited amount of a common essential resource and one or the other will be eliminated. For example, lions and cheetahs both feed on similar prey, so they are negatively affected by each other because they will have to compete for food. Mutualism, where the presence of one species stimulates the growth of another, and both sides benefit from the relationship, such as animals like cow and bacteria within their intestines. Cows benefit from cellulase produced by bacteria to help digestion while bacteria benefit from having nutrients supply from the cows. Parasitism, host-pathogen co-evolution, interaction between humans and disease organisms is an example of this, where a parasite benefit from its host at the cost of the host. In the mid-nineteenth century, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace determined the mechanism of evolution as natural selection. Species and population do not remain fixed, but they change over time. Individuals of a same species show differences in phenotype, such as difference in height, colour, or defences against enemies. These can be passed on through generations. In a community, members of the same species will need to struggle for limited resources and avoid predators for survival. Those with an advantage in phenotype will survive better and therefore be able to reproduce more successfully. One way to recognize natural selection in a population is by using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to measure the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies, on the assumption that it is an ideal population with large population size and random mating, lack of mutation and migration. There are three main types of selection: Directional selection, where the phenotype at one end of the distribution is selected for and the other end selected against. Stabilizing selection, where the intermediate phenotype is selected for while those at both extremes are selected against. Disruptive selection, where the phenotypes at both extremes are favoured simultaneously. In addition to natural selection, other factors that could alter allele frequencies are like mutation, migration or genetic drift that might eventually lead to speciation, which is the formation of new species (Klug, Spencer et al. 2007). Disease organisms are called pathogens, causing diseases by infecting or infesting another organism. They are often described as parasite, because they benefit from living in or on a host, at the cost of the host and can be anything from microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses to parasitic worms like tapeworms. To discuss the interaction between humans and disease organisms, we first have to look at how humans protect themselves against infection. The first line of defence of humans against pathogens is physical barriers. The intact skin of humans serves as an impenetrable barrier to pathogens and the acidity of sweat also hinders growth of bacteria. However, pathogens can still get inside the human body and this is where the immune system comes into play. There are two mechanisms of the immune system, namely the innate immunity and the adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the inborn ability to defend ourselves without prior learning experience and this includes phagocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils where they can eat up the pathogens, and inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and basophils that trigger local inflammation at the infection site. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is the immune response that needs to be acquired through experience and it has exquisite specificity and immunological memory. The cells working under adaptive immunity are like cytotoxic cells that kill infected cells and B cells that produce antibody to destroy pathogens. On the timeline of evolution, humans, or Homo sapiens have only been around for less than 2 million years, while worms have been around for about 750 million years. The complexity of the innate immunity in humans today is due to evolution as time passes and more species of pathogens appeared, because only the fittest individuals survived the infection to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation. Innate immunity provide immediate defence against infection but it only recognises prominent differences between own cells and the pathogens, therefore responding to pathogens in a generic way. Thus, innate immunity works closely together with adaptive immunity which can give long term specific immune response due to memory cells. For example, immunity for malarial parasite will not give immunity for bacteria that causes tuberculosis (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). Exposure to a certain pathogen in varying degrees also has affect on the genetic evolution of the immune system. One example is a cluster of genes that plays an important role in the recognition and presentation of non-self antigens to the cells of the immune system called the HLA (human leucocyte antigen), also known as major histocompatability complex (MHC) has been found to have associations with diseases like leprosy and tubercolosis (May and Anderson 1983). In a human population exposed to more of the diseases shows a higher diversity on the HLA genes. Disease organisms have different generation times. For example, the bacterium Escherichia Coli can reproduce in just twenty minutes under ideal circumstances, while the HIV (Human Immunodificiency Virus) can generate 10 billion new virus particles in a day. So in the course of the humans life, these pathogens can go through hundreds and thousands of generation, evolving to become better adapted and acquiring counter-defence to the humans immune system. Some important features of the co-evolution of humans and disease organism arise from this huge difference of reproductive rates. Pathogens usually possess certain adaptations to resist humans from trying to remove them and they are very much dependant on humans as their hosts for essential resources to survive, grow and reproduce. They must be able to find a new host before their current one dies or make their transition by means of vector species. The activity of the pathogens will to some extend reduce the fitness of humans or even kill them. There is a varying degree of harm that a pathogen can cause to humans, and this property is called virulence. For the same species of pathogen, some individuals might be totally unaffected by it while some might get infection that could be mild to serious or even killed by it. Virulence of one pathogen can be measured as the percentage of infections that leads to death. The bacterium Vibrio cholera was one the most virulent human pathogens, with a virulence of 15 percent until the appearance of HIV, which has a virulence of over 90 percent, meaning that 90 percent of infected people die (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). There are different phases in which a disease organism can adapt to its host. The first phase being accidental infection, that is the first contact of the pathogen with a new species of host. Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that infect animals such as rabies, SARS and bird flu. Host changes are promoted by frequent contact between humans and animals such as keeping a pet. The second phase is the evolution of virulence after the pathogen has successfully invaded a new host. In this phase evolution of virulence happens rapidly because the pathogen is not be well adapted to the new host and will try to overcome the immune response by the host. The third phase occurs the pathogen has been persisting in the new host for some time and tries to reach an optimal virulence. Virulence that is too high either kills the host too quickly resulting in less time to reproduce successfully , reduce the chances of the host interacting with other hosts therefore reducing transmission or ind uces an immune response that react too strongly, while mildly virulent strains will be cleared by the immune system too quickly (Stearns and Koella 2008). An example of co-evolution between the immune system of humans and disease organism is shown in flu virus. When a large proportion of the population has developed immunity to a certain strain of flu virus, the spread of the virus will be prevented until it has evolved by mutation or re-assortment. This is called antigenic drift, where a variety of strains are created until one can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains. If a virus is produced that has entirely new antigens, everyone will be susceptible thus causing a major pandemic. Possibly one of the best-known cases for co-evolution of humans and disease organisms is the evolution of humans for the sickle cell trait to protect against severe malaria. Sickle cell disease is caused by a change in shape of haemoglobin, causing red blood cells to be distorted and encounter problems when passing through blood capillaries. Homozygous individuals do not survive for long and rarely reproduce while heterozygous individuals produce sickle shaped red cells and normal ones but barely develop any symptoms of the disease. One would assume that the allele frequency of sickle cell would reduce in a population but this is not the case. It has been found that heterozygotes for sickle cell have an advantage over normal individuals because the sickle shaped red cells reduce the ability of the parasite Plasmodium to grow and multiply. Another example that can be given is the evolution of the bacterium such as Mycobacterium tubercolosis, which causes TB. Strains of the TB bacteriu m have evolved recently that is resistant to all drugs, namely the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Depending on the changes in human population, the bacteria can change its virulence accordingly. Some pathogens are willing to trade-off virulence with transmission, keeping virulence low so that transmission between hosts can happen. However, if the host becomes abundant or the immune system is suppressed as in the case of AIDS, then the pathogen may evolve a higher virulence. Co-evolution simply means the evolution of one species in response to that of another species. However, co-evolution does not indicate dependence on one another. Humans are not dependant on parasites for survival, and the other way around. Co-evolution of humans and disease organisms has produced many fascinating variations, whether in humans or the disease organisms. The studies on this can aide us in gaining understanding of health and diseases as disease organisms remain a major cause of mortality, especially in the under-developed regions of the world.

Importance of Packaging and Point of Purchase (POP)

Importance of Packaging and Point of Purchase (POP) If in the book The Little Prince of Antoine de Saint-Exupà ©ry The essential is invisible to the eyes in marketing (and while planning a strategy to catch the consumers attention) this concept unacceptable and it can even decide the entire future of a companys brand, turning it into a successful or a painful experience. In short terms: What the consumer needs must be highlighted by a powerful magical potion which basic ingredients: an attractive packaging design presentation, a carefully planned display of products and often most important the front cover of the product , which must be as appealing as the product itself. So, the essential must be visible to consumers eyes at first sight, smell and even touch. Figuring this combination out the success of a product should happen, but thats not all. So how it is possible to turn a brands concept into a sales example-to-follow and what is the role played by packaging and design in the marketing planning and how it can affect consumers choice? Lets find out more about it! IMPORTANCE OF POP Self service shopping environment Proliferation of packs on display More decisions made in store Shoppers less brand loyal Last chance to make a difference Low involvement= need for cues POP (Point of Purchase) is the place where sales occur (retailers, market, malls, and even virtual commerce) mostly created and prepared by the manufacturer for distribution to wholesalers or retailers who sell the manufacturers merchandise. Nowadays POP play a very important role in marketing strategy because most of many buying decisions are made in the area surrounding the counter, exactly at the same place where customers pay for their goods, at the so called point of sale. In these terms self service can be described as a way to reduce staffing costs for retailers, suppliers, to improve efficiency in manufacturing and distribution allowing access to a larger market. For customers for example it is a faster and cheaper way to buy with less personable interaction and in some cases obtaining more satisfying results, with less frustration resulting from human contact, which explains the tendency to self service proliferation in the last years. So instead of concentrating in reducing costs with staff retailers can focus on other aspects like logistics, negotiating with suppliers as well as planning the merchandise available according to the shoppers. But before any step is taken a market research is necessary to determinate if is there any actual demand for the product that is going to be presented to the public, even if possible several items should be tested and only after available for purchase. Some strategies can be helpful in testing a products demand in a POP: Quantity discounts offering 2 products by the price of one or offering a discount in the purchase of 2 complementary products; Complete a purchase POP advertising can be used to guide customers to purchase accessories; Offering free samples / promotional items obtained in manufacturers; Creating an excitement feeling in customer constantly by mixing the merchandise and fresh approaches. How to insure that a product is wanted by a customer in these last minute purchasing decisions? Unique/ high quality products easily available to the consumer as entering the store; Emotional connection and loyalty to the brand before and also after the POP ; Bonding with customer, brand Identity has to be easy-to-understand and easy-to-see using appealing packaging ,shape, size and colours ; Using the POP has a effective mean to communicate with the consumer : it should reveal what makes the real difference in the brand including its superior value (doesnt mean a lowest price) ; Retailers: metrics and motivations should be considered while developing product programs A good relationship with retailers will ensure that the products will be more visible inside the shop POP insure: Dynamic selling Fast way of recovering investment Low cost and effective way to present products information to customers (with low cost materials like Corrugated board, Cloth, metal, plastic, glass Appealing and quick way to interact with customers for example presenting the product in a separated stand using an outpost display this way customers can easily see and purchase the items. Effective and persuasive way to draw customers attention to new or existing products leading to impulsive purchase Establishment of popularity regarding a specific product or brand (the customer will associate the point of sale to the place where we can come back to buy it again) wich is good for retailer, wholesaler and product manufacturer Evaluate Packaging One of the most important 4 aspects in marketing should include packaging besides thinking of product, place, promotion and price. The same way a book can be sold just by its cover, flashy colours and by recurring to well known sources to make comments about its content any other product can be sold with the right wrapping. The consumer will be mostly attracted by the package but thats not necessary all, it will be just the calling card for whats coming next: the product itself, and that should include the concernment for the quality also and not just presentation. Although packaging is one of the most crucial steps in business is mostly neglected, but only if the product is a good one will customers become loyal to that brand, otherwise sales wont be repeated no matter how much the budget is applied on marketing and sales promotion and how much buzz is created around it. An intelligent packaging scheme should make possible for client to interact with the product to the point that the product becomes an object of desire, of evaluation, to be touched, smelled and finally bought. Necessarily quality packaging should be considered for it might make the difference between buying or simply ignoring a product, thats why for some companies this point is so important that they spend more money on packaging than in the product itself, others consider designing the core aspect, sometimes changing completely the products image or making only small changes or special editions. For example Coca-Cola since 1931 launched the famous Santa-Claus to celebrate the 75th anniversary forever changing the image of Santa-Claus and Christmas and catching the publics attention all over the world. It was such an impact caused by these campaigns that a true legion of fans was following all campaigns and even new kinds of packages were created (cartons that covered the bottles co mpletely with a handle at the top allowing consumers to take more bottles with them). Using view model of evaluate packaging View Model definition: It s a framework viewpoints defining a coherent group if views which can be used to analgise a system. Components of the view model Visibility how much attention does it attracts at POP Information supposed benefits, slogans, and any additional information printed on the package, usage instructions Workability package way of functioning instead of how it communicates: does it protects the product, is eco-friendly, fits on shelves Emotional Appeal How able is the package to evoke a desired feeling or mood. Applying the view model components to Bloom Project: In terms of visibility it should catch customers attention by its colourful packaging, being easy to handle and to carry anywhere. Information: the benefits are clear as improvement of the skins health and appearance, each product has its own label and specific instructions for usage according to age group. Speaking about workability the packaging protects the quality of the product , both tube or glass container option, also the fact that Bloom Project is eco-friendly: all the glass used is recycled and refillable. Regarding the emotional appeal the search for eternal beauty and for a healthy look is being enhanced by the fact that the products public target are men instead of women, turning the product into a mean to achieve healthier skin along with an anti-aging formula, all the marketing and promotion will emphasize the skin regeneration by using Bloom Project which will be available in the mainly retailer and pharmacies and uptown departmental stores at an affordable price. Theories and models of design packaging A package has two different components: The Structural Component product features and characteristics to guarantee the packages physical and technical requirements i.e. protection, qualities, preservation. The Graphic Component product relevant features and characteristics that attract, inform and motivate a purchase decision. Most important part is the decoration ,material and shape, product attention should be given to the product prior to any consideration of the package design. No amount of clever packaging will sell a product that the consumer does not want. Technical Functions Marketing Functions Graphic Design Basic Size how large or small the object or design i.e. size can be physical. Shape the actual package outline, or body of test. There are two different shapes positive and negative. Length-to-width, boring shape. Colour can attract attention and affects the moods or persona of the package. Tone the lightness or darkness. Icons Graphic design elements or symbols that convey meanings or massage Colour Theories and Package Design : Colour is a basic human needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦like fire and water, a raw material, indispensable to life. Fernand Là ©ger, painter (1881-1955) The healing ability and symbolic importance of colour goes all the way back to the Ancient Egypt and Greece, coloured minerals, stones, crystals and sanctuaries for treatment, along with the 4 elements (air, fire, water and earth) which were associated with qualities such as coolness, heat, wetness and dryness. For example white colour is the use to symbolise mourning in some parts of India and China and was also used in the Imperial Rome, is the bridal colour in Europe, red is associated to humanitarianism (Red Cross) and in Islamic Countries (in the form of the Red Crescent) regarding the Geneva Convention. Yellow in China represents the imperial colour and power as well as the earth. Green for example was considered the colour of Venus the goddess of love and fertility. Orange in China and Japan means happiness and love while black colour in Europe is the traditional colour of mourning since eleventh century. However colours are not seen in the same way by any individual or group and tastes and opinions about the same exact colour can change depending on the person. On in twelve males is colour blind, women instead have a much lower colour perception deficiency : one in two hundred females (its passed from mother to daughter). It can also be caused in post-birth resulting into retina accidents and brain damages. Also UV can damage the retina as well as some medication. Nearly two million people in the UK suffer of this condition. Defective colour vision was first mentioned by the scientist John Dalton in his 1794s publication while realizing that both him and his brother had this defectiveness, originating the term Daltonism. So using some of the following colours can make the difference if you are colour blind: red/green (to a colour blind the red will change into brown , orange , dark yellow and green into dark yellow , purple and dark blue , this is called Protanopia). If you have Deuteranopiat green becomes brown, purple turn into plain blue. With Ritanopia bright red becomes magenta, orange becomes pink, green becomes blue and purple/blue changes to light blue/maroon. In Monochromacy (lack of colour vision) all is black and white. A recent study from University of British Columbia using the red and blue colours concluded after showing several non-real ads to a students group control the more effective were the ones using the red colour, no matter what kind of product. Instead blue colour would remind them of water, ocean, peaceful thoughts and relaxation, not so fitted state of mind for impulsive purchase purposes. The same study found that for eclectic messages blue works well, instead red is better for accomplishing a specific objective. Some other studies show that the yellow and brown colours may suggest hunger evoking burgers and fries, blue on the other way is less probable to cause hunger feeling due to the fact that not many kinds of food are actually blue. The food industry uses the connection between colours, vision and taste in many ways for example trough colorants to improve the looks of food. Colours used in packaging can transmit messages to customer for example pink and red indicates sweetness while green is associated with mint flavour. Purple , gold or black are associated with luxury and quality. So colours do matter in packaging design (especially in areas like market for foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetics) for they can also stimulate and even influence the consumers choice to the point of stimulating impulsive buying(for example most of products use yellow or red to stand out a new product or an improved one. Following the trend of a more sophisticated and busiest type of consumer nowadays the labelling should be printed in a more silk screening using appropriate size and colour to make reading easier (high-quality colour making it possible to use in any media in any type of material) because ingredients do matter to the consumer. So minimizing the type size on the reverse labels may not be such a wise choice. In order to enhance the natural ingredients of a product many times the labelling uses the wrong colours like gray ink on clear labels, not allowing the customer to satisfy the information need that should be available in the label. The product will lose interest. So even worse if the customer is colour blind it may become impossible to read the labels at all and the product instead of becoming a sale will be returned into the shelf. No wonder that Packaging design is now concerned with more realistic images, visual clarity, bright colours and very clear and recognisable symbols. Also, packages should be odour-free, resistant and compatible with the contents. Summary: In a to buy or no to buy decision many aspects should be considered in order to a product or brand to succeed, for they play a very important role in the consumers decision. Packaging design and POP materials if wisely combined as marketing strategy can inform the customer about the main characteristics of the product, can remind the customer about a product or brand and even can encourage for the selection of a new product. All together manufacturers, retailers and customers gain with this for the markets are stimulated by the constant pursuit to satisfy the customers demand. And as well as the quality and the benefits or the price of the product the packaging and the final appearance of the product (colour, shape, taste/smell) also triggers or not the consumers attention turning it in to an impulsive purchase within this demand market the self service is becoming a very important way to achieve the goal of sales again with the use of POP materials placed mostly at the entrance of the shops where can be easily seen and hopefully bought.

Translations depicts the cultural take over of Ireland by the British E

Translations depicts the cultural take over of Ireland by the British Empire, yet it cannot be said to be simply pro-Irish.’ Consider this comment. English Literature Coursework- ‘Translations depicts the cultural take over of Ireland by the British Empire, yet it cannot be said to be simply pro-Irish.’ Consider this comment on the play. The Cultural take over of Ireland by the British Empire is a central issue in Translations. Friel examines this issue by describing the effects that certain changes have on individual characters; Irish and English. One may think a play with this issue could not help being biased towards the Irish. However, Friel ‘did not wish to write a play about Irish peasants being suppressed by English sappers.’ In order to ascertain whether he achieves this, we should look to his often complex characters and how they develop throughout the play. and so we must look at individual characters, as Friel does, to see whether this play is pro-Irish or not. Let us take Hugh O’Donnell as the first example. Hugh is portrayed as an intellectual character. He has a wide knowledge of languages and uses a sophisticated choice of words. For instance, when he describes the Irish language he explains that certain other cultures ‘expend on their vocabularies and syntax acquisitive energies and ostentations.’ This is definitely a positive characteristic and can be contrasted to Lancey and Yolland’s ignorance. This can be seen when Lancey misunderstands the Latin statement ‘nonne Latine loquitur’ and tells Jimmy ‘I do not speak Gaelic sir’, making it obvious that he does not speak Latin either. However, when Hugh ‘pours himself another drink’ and his alcohol addiction is apparent the stereotyp... ...land, once again, to represent the attempt of joining two cultures together by his relationship with Maire. However, this joining is doomed to fail just like the couple’s relationship is as, even though Maire and Yolland celebrate what they love about each other’s cultures, thus ignoring their differences, there is still a failure to communicate. This can be seen when Yolland and Maire are having a ‘conversation’ with each other, even though neither speaks the others language, and Yolland explains ‘I’m not going to leave here’, while Maire pleads ‘Take me away with you George’. This represents the inability for all the characters to communicate which results in the supposed death of Yolland. This English soldier is therefore seen as a victim and his questionable murderer appears to be the Irish Manus; although Friel leaves us to decide this for ourselves.

Essay --

There are six-teen Sovereign State; Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of these states. These states are known as the Commonwealth Realms. During the toughest times Queen Elizabeth II helped and lead people through war and depression. She has made a positive impact on the UK and people world-wide. Queen Elizabeth was born on April 21, 1926 at 2:20 am in London. She grew up in London. Her parents took over royal lodge as their country home, when she was 6. There she had her own little small house. After that her grandfather died, which made King Edward VIII, the eldest son, the king. Before the year was over King Edward VIII gave up the throne to be with the woman he loved. Her dad, King George VI, became King and she was first in line to the throne. While her dad was king she got a good education. Queen Elizabeth and her sister, Princess Margaret, were homeschooled. Together they learned history, language, literature, music, mathematics, geography. She speaks fluent French. Elizabeth was privately tutored in constitutional history from Henry Marten and Vice- Provost of Eton College....

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Not only are we the class of 2006, but those you see before you now are also the future of our society. Our generation has, thus far, failed to establish the same type of defining characteristic as our predecessors. We are not the Baby Boomers, the Flower Children, or the Generation Xers. Instead, we are the most worldly generation yet to come. There is no doubt that our exposure to a vast array of media has permanently shaped our lives. However, only our futures will tell to what effect. As we look forward into the great "Abyss" that is our future, "Titanic" opportunities surround us. As the end of our "Nine Months" nears, many of us will choose to further our academic educations while still others will further their vocational skills in the workplace. Whatever each of us chooses, we cannot be "Clueless" in that the decisions that we make today will lead us either to a personal "Armageddon" or to becoming "Larger Than Life." Today is our "Judgment Day." At this very moment, our ability to determine our fates is "As Good As it Gets." We are faced with the option of continuing to go "Good Will Hunting." Do we choose to live selfishly, consumed by the present, or plan our lives as though we were going "Back to the Future"? We must take "The Stand" to ensure that, with all due "Speed" the lives that we begin to sculpt for ourselves tonight are worthy of our time and effort, and will be more than just financially rewarding. This is a part of "The Big Picture." If we allow ourselves to be consumed by the things that we've always been told we should want, we quickly find that "Reality Bites." Before chasing after a certain lifestyle, like fortune, "Fame, Mo' Money," or "Absolute Power," we need to determine what we want from life. If these factors are truly important, then by all means, we must chase after our dreams with the attitude of "I'll Do Anything" to achieve my goals. However, we must never allow our morals, ethics, beliefs or goals be compromised. We will never be happy if we allow our individual beliefs to be "Ransomed" by the false ethics of others. We must be true to ourselves, and remember that you "Can't Buy Me Love" or happiness. No matter how well we conform to the ideals of others, we can never be happy if we fail to conform to our own.

Water Molecule

Free Essays Must Be Free! TM Water Is Essential To Life Term paper While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used ‘as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. If you are in a time crunch, then you need a custom written term paper on your subject (water is essential to life) Here you can hire an independent writer/researcher to custom write you an authentic essay to your specifications that will pass any plagiarism test (e. g. Turnitin). Waste no more time! Water is Essential to Life Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives.Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. †¦ Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. It's important to understand and examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Ear th's thriving ecosystem and how important it is for us today. Water is a strong solvent, it's a very unique molecule that can breaks and reforms constantly. Each water molecule consists acid What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused †¦ f one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom also called the â€Å"apex of the water molecule† bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one (Kirk 225). Because of the opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed (Kirk 256). There are several types of water molecule such as liquid water, ice and water The Debate Over A Century Old Law English 201 The Debate Over a Century Old Law Thesis: The showdown in the west between the U. S.Government and †¦ vapor. These are all as important as we need in our daily lives. In a liquid form of water it has no such spaces because hydrogen bonds constantly breaks and reforms. Thus ice is stable hydrogen bonds that bonded together, it's less dense and will float on liquid water. If it's not this reason, the great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice, and all life in the climatic change I. SUMMARY: This paper looks at the controversial issue of climatic change. In particular, it develops the question of if and why earth’s climate is changing?The roles †¦ water would all die (Bio ;notes) Water is a very small molecule that has its own unique properties therefore it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are the covalent bonds ;these bonds are so strong that water resists changes in its state. For example, solid, liquid and gas. Thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than any other molecule of similar size (Kirk 256). When heat is applied to solid Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so!! by Ryan Shoquist English 121 Dr.Gilliard November 23, 1996 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages †¦ water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Whereas liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must somehow retain some of them so if any object penetrates water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds normally resist breaking but The rest of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users.The registration process just couldn't be easier. Log in or register now. It is all free! 1. â€Å"Biology Today†, Kirk David : Third Edition, Random House Publishers, 1980 2. General Biolog y,: Chemical Foundations of Life or â€Å"Asking about Life†, Tobin and Dusheck, 1998. 3. â€Å"Concepts and Challenged in Life Science†, Stanley Wolfe: Second Edition, ? 1989, 1986 Globe Book Company; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 Share on linkedin Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email More Sharing Services 0 You should cite this paper as follows: MLA Style . EssayMania. com. Retrieved on 30 Mar, 2013 from More College Papers ater essay Fresh water is one of our most important natural resources because it's needed for survival and there is no substitute for it. Unlike energy, which has many alternative forms there are no alternatives for water. Most of our earth is covered by water, but only a tiny amount is available for fresh wat watership down essay Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was neeWatergate Thesis essay Table of Contents Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 1 Thesis and Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pg. 2-10 Appendix A (Definitions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 11 List of Works Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 12 Menu Hire Writer Free Essays Essay Database Login Register Share More Sharing ServicesShare  © 2013 EssayMania. com. All Rights Reserved. Related Searches: Buy Research Paper Sample College Essay College Essays College Research Paper Essay Examples Writing A Research Paper Essay Writing Service Writing Arguments Essay Writers Writing College Papers Water Molecule Free Essays Must Be Free! TM Water Is Essential To Life Term paper While the free essays can give you inspiration for writing, they cannot be used ‘as is' because they will not meet your assignment's requirements. If you are in a time crunch, then you need a custom written term paper on your subject (water is essential to life) Here you can hire an independent writer/researcher to custom write you an authentic essay to your specifications that will pass any plagiarism test (e. g. Turnitin). Waste no more time! Water is Essential to Life Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives.Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. †¦ Water is Essential for Life Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. It's important to understand and examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Ear th's thriving ecosystem and how important it is for us today. Water is a strong solvent, it's a very unique molecule that can breaks and reforms constantly. Each water molecule consists acid What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused †¦ f one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom also called the â€Å"apex of the water molecule† bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one (Kirk 225). Because of the opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed (Kirk 256). There are several types of water molecule such as liquid water, ice and water The Debate Over A Century Old Law English 201 The Debate Over a Century Old Law Thesis: The showdown in the west between the U. S.Government and †¦ vapor. These are all as important as we need in our daily lives. In a liquid form of water it has no such spaces because hydrogen bonds constantly breaks and reforms. Thus ice is stable hydrogen bonds that bonded together, it's less dense and will float on liquid water. If it's not this reason, the great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice, and all life in the climatic change I. SUMMARY: This paper looks at the controversial issue of climatic change. In particular, it develops the question of if and why earth’s climate is changing?The roles †¦ water would all die (Bio ;notes) Water is a very small molecule that has its own unique properties therefore it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are the covalent bonds ;these bonds are so strong that water resists changes in its state. For example, solid, liquid and gas. Thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than any other molecule of similar size (Kirk 256). When heat is applied to solid Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so Humans Soon to be Extinct†¦ Say it ain't so!! by Ryan Shoquist English 121 Dr.Gilliard November 23, 1996 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. page Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. pages †¦ water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Whereas liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must somehow retain some of them so if any object penetrates water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds normally resist breaking but The rest of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users.The registration process just couldn't be easier. Log in or register now. It is all free! 1. â€Å"Biology Today†, Kirk David : Third Edition, Random House Publishers, 1980 2. General Biolog y,: Chemical Foundations of Life or â€Å"Asking about Life†, Tobin and Dusheck, 1998. 3. â€Å"Concepts and Challenged in Life Science†, Stanley Wolfe: Second Edition, ? 1989, 1986 Globe Book Company; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 Share on linkedin Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email More Sharing Services 0 You should cite this paper as follows: MLA Style . EssayMania. com. Retrieved on 30 Mar, 2013 from More College Papers ater essay Fresh water is one of our most important natural resources because it's needed for survival and there is no substitute for it. Unlike energy, which has many alternative forms there are no alternatives for water. Most of our earth is covered by water, but only a tiny amount is available for fresh wat watership down essay Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was neeWatergate Thesis essay Table of Contents Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 1 Thesis and Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pg. 2-10 Appendix A (Definitions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 11 List of Works Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pg. 12 Menu Hire Writer Free Essays Essay Database Login Register Share More Sharing ServicesShare  © 2013 EssayMania. com. All Rights Reserved. Related Searches: Buy Research Paper Sample College Essay College Essays College Research Paper Essay Examples Writing A Research Paper Essay Writing Service Writing Arguments Essay Writers Writing College Papers